How Different Cultures React to Death and Dying - 1907 Words

How Different Cultures React to Death and Dying Abstract This research explores the literature across cultures on death and dying in order to highlight the impact of culture on reactions to death and the dying process. A theoretical framework is established, using Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s five stages of dying, followed by a succinct discussion of the reactions and attitudes toward death and the dying process of four cultures (Buddhist, Hindu, Native American and American). By illustrating the different reactions and attitudes toward death of these cultures, it is revealed that through increased cultural understanding health care workers can provide more personalized care to the dying. Keywords Fear, Mortality, Burial,†¦show more content†¦Instead, they believe the body must be cremated quickly after death. As Lama (2004, p. 1) maintains, â€Å"The belief that once it sheds its body, the soul prepares to depart immediately on its karmic journey, and as such, it’s very important to cremate the body as soon as practical so as not to provide any allurement for the soul to linger on this side of the world.† In such cultures there is little relating to the bargaining or depression stages of Kubler-Ross’ theory, but acceptance certainly applies to both Hindus and Buddhists. In fact, for the gerontologist, increased cultural understanding of the death and dying process aids overall quality of care. As Barker (1999, p. 161) reports on one study conducted on Hindus in a British community, â€Å"†¦poor communication due to linguistic and cultural distance between relatives and hospital staff, as well as lack of sensitivity involving the l atter, may be most distressful to the dying and their relatives.† Native Americans Native Americans also had and still have a unique perspective on death. It is doubtful Native Americans relate to any of the phases outlined by Kubler-Ross, save for acceptance. For Native Americans perceive death as merely one facet of what they view as the â€Å"Sacred hoop of life,† (Turner-Weeden, 1995, p. 11). This is because of their unique worldview with respect to what happens to the soul after death. Native Americans view life and death as a circular movement, wherein the processShow MoreRelatedEssay The Optimists Daughter: A Look at Death and Dying1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Optimists Daughter: A Look at Death and Dying  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fay struck out with her hands, hitting at Major Bullock and Mr. Pitts and Sis, fighting with her mother, too, for a moment. She showed her claws at Laurel, and broke from the preachers last-minute arms and threw herself forward across the coffin on to the pillow, driving her lips without aim against the face under hers. She was dragged back into the library, screaming, by Miss Tennyson Bullock, out of sight behind the blanket ofRead MoreThe Five Stages Of Grief951 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is just another state we encounter in the human life. Death is the state of being when the brain and brain stem stop working and the effects become irreversible. Once a person passes, his or her love ones go through many stages of grieving. The famous Kubler-Ross model, commonly referred to as the â€Å"five stages of grief,† is a great representation of the stages. These stages do not occur in any particular order, but it is predicted these stages do occur in most people. The griever s notRead MoreDifferent Stages Of The Grieving Process1607 Words   |  7 PagesPeople handle death in many different ways. People’s culture, age and gender all have an important impact on how they will cope with the death of a loved one. It’s important for nurses to understand all aspects that play into how someone deals with death so they can better help provide the correct care and support. This paper will explain what grief is and the different stages of the grieving process, how children, being male or female, and diverse cultures cope with death, and how nurses can betterRead MoreDying For Meet Death By Emily Dickinson1199 Words   |  5 PagesDying to Meet Death Emily Dickinson’s reputation made her appear to most people as a reclusive woman captivated by death (â€Å"Emily Dickinson† 1001). This is reinforced in many of her poems, specifically â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death.† In Contrast, Dylan Thomas, the poet who created â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† was well known for his over-the-top personality and iniquitous lifestyle (â€Å"Dylan Thomas†). Emily Dickinson creates the persona of an older woman, who has been called upon byRead MoreExploring The Cultural Meaning Behind Suffering1657 Words   |  7 Pagescultural meaning behind suffering in the context of persistent vegetative state patients when there is possible abuse. Does the use of regulations that we have today help physicians make good judgement calls on people who are facing their imminent death? Is it morally right to take away a parent’s power to decide what is best for their child? Is it morally okay for a p hysician to make a decision for someone else’s child instead of other family? These question will also be explored based on a caseRead MoreWilliam Woolf s Mrs. Dalloway1730 Words   |  7 Pagesof tragedy in Mrs. Dalloway means that future reimaginings and reframings must also include a uniting tragic event as a means by which to create parallels and show commonalities between characters. Michael Cunningham’s The Hours includes several different timeframes that allow for historical repetitions to be created throughout his novel, but the integral uniting tragedy he utilizes to create a common experience is the AIDS epidemic of the 1990s within the gay community as a parallel to the impactRead MoreEvaluation Of A Leadership / Management At Nursing Laboratory Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pageswas not only the last simulation experience for this course, but it was also the last simulation of our undergraduate nursing studies at CSU Fullerton. Therefore, in light of this fa ct and considering that the topic of our simulations centered on dying and end-of-life care, there were many emotions that were brought forth during our time in the simulation lab. Altogether, by participating in simulation, observing the scenarios simulated by my colleagues, and by discussing these topics with facultyRead MoreThe First Two Years : Body And Mind1299 Words   |  6 Pagespoint in this topic that is essential is the research and studies that this chapter provides, such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), immunizations, and nutrition (Berger,105-108). Immunization among children, especially infants, are highly pursued so they are not threatened by deadly diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles (Berger, 107). Although, â€Å"infants tend to react irritable and feverish for a day or so,† from the vaccines, it’s concluded that the side effects from vaccinations areRead MoreThe Silence Of Death By Chang Rae Lee Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pages The Silence of Death In his novel, Native Speaker, Chang-Rae Lee portrays the struggles of Korean-American spy, Henry Park. Many conflicts arise throughout the story such as Henry’s relationships with Lelia and his father. Death is a reality involved in each of these conflicts. Mitt’s death is at the core of Henry’s demising relationship with Lelia, and the death of Henry’s mother leads to a greater gap between Henry and his father. A common motif that Lee uses is the silence of the charactersRead MoreThe Bucket List Movie Analysis1282 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom two different backgrounds experience illnesses that leaves them with 6 months to a year to live. The writer takes you a long a path of human development. Exploring the differences in these patience’s by their life, culture, social values, and gender roles. It also reflects how even though they had come from different backgrounds, experiences, and beliefs, they still desired the same things, to love and to b e loved. The film begins by showing us the lives of two completely different men, Carter

Dorothy Height Quotations

Dorothy Height, a key figure in the American civil rights movement, worked for many years for the YWCA, and also headed the National Council of Negro Women for more than 50 years. Selected Dorothy Height Quotations †¢ If you worry about who is going to get credit, you dont get much work done. †¢ Greatness is not measured by what a man or woman accomplishes, but by the opposition, he or she has overcome to reach his goals. †¢ I was inspired by Mary McLeod Bethune, not only to be concerned but to use whatever talent I had to be of some service in the community. †¢ As I reflect on the hope and challenges facing women in the 21st century, I am also reminded of the protracted struggles of African-American women who joined together as SISTERS in 1935 in response to Mrs. Bethunes call. It was an opportunity to deal creatively with the fact that Black women stood outside of Americas mainstream of opportunity, influence, and power. †¢ I want to be remembered as someone who used herself and anything she could touch to work for justice and freedom.... I want to be remembered as one who tried. †¢ A Negro woman has the same kind of problems as other women, but she cant take the same things for granted. †¢ As more women enter public life, I see developing a more humane society. The growth and development of children no longer will depend solely upon the status of their parents. Once again, the community as the extended family will rekindle its caring and nurturing. Though children cannot vote, their interests will be placed high on the political agenda. For they are indeed the future. †¢ 1989, about using the term black or African-American: As we move ahead into the 21st century and look at a unified way of fully identifying with our heritage, our present, and our future, our use of African-American is not a matter of putting down one to pick up the other. It is a recognition that weve always been African and American, but we are now going to address ourselves in those terms and make a unified effort to identify with our African brothers and sisters and with our own heritage. African-American has the potential of helping us to rally. But unless we identify with the full meaning, the term wont make a difference. It becomes merely a label. When we started using the term Black, it was more than a color. It came at a time when our young people in marches and sit-ins made the cry Black Power. It represented the Black experience in the United States and the Black experience of those throughout the world who were oppressed. We are at a different point now. The struggle continues, but its more subtle. Therefore, we need, in the strongest ways we can, to show our unity as a people and not just as a people of color. †¢ It was not easy for those of us who had become symbols of the struggle for equality to see our children raising their fists in defiant contradiction of all we had fought for. †¢ No one will do for you what you need to do for yourself. We cannot afford to be separate. †¢ We have to see that all of us are in the same boat. †¢ But were all in the same boat now, and weve got to learn to work together. †¢ We are not a problem people; we are a people with problems. We have historic strengths; we have survived because of family. †¢ We have to improve life, not just for those who have the most skills and those who know how to manipulate the system. But also for and with those who often have so much to give but never get the opportunity. †¢ Without community service, we would not have a strong quality of life. Its important to the person who serves as well as the recipient. Its the way in which we ourselves grow and develop. †¢ Weve got to work to save our children and do it with full respect for the fact that if we do not, no one else is going to do it. †¢ There is no contradiction between effective law enforcement and respect for civil and human rights. Dr. King did not stir us to move for our civil rights to have them taken away in these kinds of fashions. †¢ The Black family of the future will foster our liberation, enhance our self-esteem, and shape our ideas and goals. †¢ I believe we hold in our hands the power once again to shape not only our own but the nations future -- a future that is based on developing an agenda that radically challenges limitations in our economic development, educational achievement, and political empowerment. Undoubtedly, African-Americans will have an integral role to play, although our path ahead will continue to be complex and difficult. †¢ As we move forward, let us also look back. So long as we remember those who died for our right to vote and those like John H. Johnson who built empires where there were none, we will walk into the future with unity and strength. More About Dorothy Height Dorothy Height BiographyWomen and the Civil Rights MovementMary McLeod Bethune About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Citation information:Jone Johnson Lewis. Dorothy Height Quotes. About Womens History. URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/quotes/a/dorothy_height.htm.

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. - 1447 Words

How Tobacco Advertising Influences Young People. At the age of fourteen, I had my first puff of smoke. Even before that I knew a lot of cigarette brands due to advertising. Since then I started smoking and when I went to cafeterias and clubs the people who were promoting cigarettes would offer me a new brand to try and gave me free packs of cigarettes and a lighter with their brand. They didn’t mind how old I was, they just wanted to give them away and promote their product. But except this kind of advertisement, I had seen lots of tobacco advertisements on billboards which made me believe that everything is ok if I smoke. This is a false impression that tobacco advertisements picture to teenagers. Tobacco advertisements influence†¦show more content†¦The second reason why tobacco advertising attracting teenagers should be forbidden is the positive impression which teenagers get from tobacco advertising. When teenagers see a tobacco advertisement showing smokers who are pictured with lots of friends, they feel they want to be cool or successful socially. This is how the advertisements play into the natural insecurities of young people. Also when the teenagers see the Virginia Slims advertisements they get the impression that smoking will make them beautiful and thinner. But this is not true, because it destroys the beauty. The tobacco companies use this confusion that many young people think (KQED). The advertisements connect smoking with romantic relationships. Because many people want to feel emotionally secure and physically attractive advertisements create a false impression between smoking and finding the soul-mate. Another way to advertise their product is to put healthy, successful and thin role models to act in such a way to attract teens. A recent report from the National Cancer Institute strongly suggests that tobacco advertising and the depiction of cigarette smoking in movies can encourage teenagers to start smoking (Hayes 1). Also Hausa film Industry stars glamorize the smoking of cigarettes and the rate of this glamorization is very big. Young people imitate the actorsShow MoreRelatedIndian Ban On Tobacco Advertisements1469 Words   |  6 PagesINDIAN BAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTS IN FAVOUR According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million in 1998. It is estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. Internal industry documents released in the United States, described 14 – 24 year olds as â€Å"tomorrow’s business†. However, a study on tobacco consumption and employment, showed that effective policiesRead MoreThe Ban of Tobacco Advertising in India757 Words   |  3 Pages(GOI) announces a bill about banning Tobacco companies from advertising their product and sponsoring sport and cultural events. The bill mission is to reduce consumption of tobacco products. This paper is based on information provided by the case study and is divided into four section. The first section summarizes arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India. The second section summarizes arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in Indian. The third sections discussRead MoreTobacco Advertising Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesTobacco Advertising Although the Tobacco Industry recently paid enormous fines to the US Government and Individual states, they continue to promote smoking and influence young human beings world wide to use their products through multi dimensional advertising. For decades Americans were not told the truth about the dangers of smoking. The media stayed silent because it did not want to lose the hundreds of millions of dollars it made from cigarette advertising. Read MoreTobacco Companies Using Advertising Tactics That Target Teenagers1487 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies should be prevented from using advertising tactics that target teenagers. There has always been controversy as to how tobacco companies should prevent using advertising tactics to target teenagers. As controversial as this is tobacco companies shouldn’t advertise teen smoking. Many teens may be lured to believe cigarette advertising because it has been part of the American Culture for years, magazine ads and the media target young people, and these companies receive a drastic increaseRead MoreTeenage Smokers and Advertisement Essays1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthat reason tobacco companies are determined to get them hooked. Many smokers drop the habit each year by either quitting or dying (How Tobacco Advertising Works, 2002). Tobacco companies rely on the constant inflow of new smokers to maintain profits and that is why advertisements especially target the younger generation. For every smoker that quits or dies they depend on new ones to take their place. Young people are perspective customers for many types of products. Young people are interestedRead MoreAnalyzing Publicity Aimed at Children under 121835 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizations and companies target young children through advertisements to influence their parents purchasing decisions. The industry consists primarily of apparel, toys, and food. Areas of concern arise when the advertisements of these products influences children’s perceptions and desires for fast food, alcohol and tobacco, sex, and purchasing in general. The estimated $500 billon industry is a lucrative one to enter; however, some question the ethics of advertising to young consumers. This researchRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1349 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined as the critical examination of how people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. There are many subcategories that we may look into when speaking of business ethics, in this essay I will be writing about advertising ethics. Advertising is practically unavoidable in today s world, we see it in the streets, shops, magazines, television, on the internet, hear it on the radio. In this essay I will describe two ethical issues in advertising, show why business leaders need to rememberRead MoreTobacco Advertising And Its Influence On The World971 Words   |  4 Pagessilently into the night is the influence of tobacco advertising and its influence on the populous. Recently to join the discourse was the government of India versus the tobacco conglomerates. The Indian government hopes to follow suit of many other nations including: France, Finland, Norway, Canada and New Zealand who already imposed bans on cigarette advertising with successful results. The tobacco industry, however, holds their position that by placing a ban on advertising is controlling the opinionRead MoreBan Tobacco Advertising Is The Right Move909 Words   |  4 PagesIndia proposed a bill that would place a ban on tobacco ads to discourage the use of tobacco products among the teenagers. This decision gave ri se to a huge debate about the ethical responsibility of the government on the use of tobacco products. In this analytical essay, the arguments of the proponents that are both in favor and opposed to the ban will be summarized, while discussing the conflict of interest that exists among the government and the tobacco companies. Lastly, final thoughts and opinionsRead MoreBan Tobacco Advertising Is The Right Move908 Words   |  4 PagesIndia proposed a bill that would place a ban on tobacco ads to discourage the use of tobacco products among the teenagers. This decision gave rise to a huge debate about the ethical responsibility of the government on the use of tobacco products. In this analytical essay, the arguments of the proponents that are both in favor and opposed to the ban will be summarized, while discussing the conflict of interest that exists among the government and the tobacco companies. Lastly, final thoughts and opinions

Comparing Poor Mans Pudding, Bartleby, Ministers Black...

Lack of Epiphany in Poor Mans Pudding, Bartleby, Ministers Black Veil, or Masque of the Red Death In the Melville stories, Poor Mans Pudding and Rich Mans Crumbs and Bartleby, the Scrivener, the narrators go through what appear to be life-changing experiences. Hawthorne offers a similar outline in The Ministers Black Veil as does Poe in Masque of the Red Death. Yet, at the conclusion of each of these stories, there is no evidence to suggest that the narrator is affected by the differences (and perhaps similarities) of their lives and those less fortunate. In Poor Mans Pudding and Rich Mans Crumbs The narrator has the opportunity to absorb, as much as an outsider can, the heartache and trials of the†¦show more content†¦While he is bothered, disturbed and almost haunted by this curious employee there is no proof that the narrator is a changed man as a result of his experiences with Bartleby. The narrator does not even appear to see himself clearly, claiming to be a man of peace while practicing harsh and aggressive mannerisms and expressions such as: I should have violently thrown him out and words like thrust, advance and gorge. If the narrator fails to recognize who he is in the first place then there is little hope that he will be changed by the events relating to Bartleby. The narrators willingness to tell his story, in my opinion, is not substantial evidence that there has been a deep conversion of social attitudes in this man so that he is affected by the lessons and the reality of humanity that was brought to his attention as a result of Bartleby. Hawthorne offers a similar outline in The Ministers Black Veil. The minister wears a veil for unknown reasons. Theories range from the ministers need to punish himself for some unknown sin to the ministers deliberate effort to force his congregation to acknowledge their own veils. While the veil, and the feelings it stir among the town, create a palpable distance between the minister and his congregation there is really no change on the part of the minister. He may be

Should Tourism Be Allowed in Antartica Free Essays

Should Tourism be allowed in Antarctica? There is no doubt Antarctica is an incredible tourist destination. Visitor numbers have increased rapidly over the last few decades. During 1998-99, in the summer season, over 10,000 tourists visited Antarctica, compared with less than 2000, 19 years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Tourism Be Allowed in Antartica or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is not necessarily a good thing; what about all of the pollution people cause whilst travelling to Antarctica? This brings us to the question: Should Tourism be allowed in Antarctica? Some people think that tourism should be allowed in Antarctica. They think that people need to be educated about how Antarctica an extreme environment and climate. They think that we need to know what we are doing to the Earth; such as, we are spoiling their habitat by global warming because we are creating too much pollution, therefore creating the green house effect. It could be argued that because Antarctica is such a remote place we need to experience the different cultures, wild life and scenery. They also believe that Antarctica has a magnificent wilderness with majestic mountains, glaciers, icebergs and abundant wildlife. Its remoteness, inaccessibility and severe climate add an element of adventure to a visit to Antarctica. On the other hand scientists want to go to Antarctica to find out so much more about it. They also carry out the kind of science in Antarctica, that cannot be done any were in the world; they also contribute to solving a global problem. Other people think that tourism should not be allowed in Antarctica because people Might introduce germs and diseases because when people don’t clean their boots they will get muddy and will pollute the water. When people are sick and they go too close to the animals they will give the diseases to them and the animals won’t survive. Also when humans are taken to Antarctica they might harm the animals there, for instance they will leave rubbish in animal habitats. They also might scare the animals with flash photography. They also believe that people might trample penguins breeding areas therefore the number of penguins will go down and eventually the penguins will turn extinct. There are many worries about pollution in Antarctica as well. In the Gulf of Mexico there has been a huge oil spill in the ocean, what if that happened to Antarctica? All of the animals would die, if they keep drinking from the water. In approximately 10 years there will be a huge rubbish dump, because we are leaving too much rubbish in Antarctica. Although tour boats may give people more jobs they are leaving oo much waste in its path. Human Waste and leftover food scraps are usually thrown over the side of boats during tours. This is dangerous for the animals because they might eat it and they would most probably die. To conclude, I think that tourism should not be allowed in Antarctica unless they are scientist and going to preserve the content or to do research on Antarctica; but there has to be rule that you have to get permission from the government and you have to be based a certain amount of distance away from the animals main habitat. How to cite Should Tourism Be Allowed in Antartica, Essay examples

Nationlism free essay sample

Deflation about who can be defined as an American. In the past, I take for granted concerned that people who has a powerful will coming to this free land can be possible to become an American citizen-But the term in the passage-the cycle of we-demonstrate that it is not what I originally thought. Actually, the cycle of werefers about the concept of ethnicity and color line. According to the passage, Clearly,the cycle of we is only the free white persons. For example,the black and allow color didnt have the same right to be treated equally. As far as am concerned,the term the cycle of we seems a little bit ironic. On the one hand, they talked about can define all of the people with the same definition,on the other hand, the passage referred that there is just a few people can be called we, just a special kind of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Nationlism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So we is not a general and wide range of concept. Let only belongs to free people with white color according to the original Constitution.From the passage, I feel the naturalization process is not comprehensive and kind with so many serious prerequisites In value. That Is why Eric Fonder said In the beginning of the passage, There has never been a single answer to the question Who Is an American. The reading passage discussed about the controversial social debate in the identity and naturalization of American citizenship. Briefly, it comes out a question about who can be defined as an American.Despite the united States emblems the concept of equity, freedom In most of ours mind, however, the general noble values and principles in the nation are not inclining to apply to all groups of people from the onset based on the Constitution, which restricted the definition free white persons as the term to be an American citizen because of the racial and ethnic lines. Moreover, the author asserts the debate refers to the idea of exclusion and Inclusion.

Modeling Motor Neurosciences Disease

Question: Discuss about the Modeling Motor Neurosciences Disease. Answer: Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), palliative care is defined as an approach designed to help in the improvement of the quality of life of patients who are facing life-threatening diseases as well as their families. Palliative care helps in the relief and prevention of spiritual, psychosocial, and physical suffering through the treatment, assessment and timely identification of pain. This implies that palliative care can be relied upon to help in resolving a wide range of health issues such as affirmation of life; offering relief to painful and distressing symptoms; postponement of death; integration of spiritual and psychological care; enhancement of the quality of patients life; prolong life as well as helping the patients to enjoy an active life up to death; and providing the necessary assistance to the family members to endure the patients illness or unfortunate eventual death (Wiener, Weaver, Bell Sansom-Daly 2015). Palliative care is not only restricted to the a dult populations, but can also be extended to the children patients who can benefit from it in different healthcare facilities: childrens homes, hospitals, community health centers, and other tertiary care facilities in which the childrens spiritual, physical, and psychosocial needs are assessed and diagnosed before an appropriate intervention is provided. Origin of Palliative Care Palliative care is not a new phenomenon, but an old practice that has an expansive history that can be traced to as early as the 4th century during the origin of the Hospice Movement. Although palliative care is currently a separate form of care quite distinct from the traditional hospice care, it has a direct linked with the Dame Cicely Saunders-found Hospice Movement that was initially exclusively dedicated as a resting places for the travelers (Pratt Wood 2015). However, as fate would have it, palliative care would later transform itself and by 1950s, it was tailored towards providing care for the dying patients. This change was brought about by Dr. Cicely who, upon observing the dead patients, came with an idea that a modern hospice should be established to care for the dying patients. However, to accomplish this goal, Dr. Cicely emphasized that satisfactory palliative care should be delivered by a team of multidisciplinary professionals who have knowledge on pain relieving and could be entrusted with the provision of palatial care to the satisfaction of the patents, their carers and family members (Quill Abernethy 2013). Despite all these efforts, hospice care would later transform to palatial care in 1974 when the terminology was coined by the Royal Victoria Hospitals Dr. Balfour Mount. Dr. Mount was concerned about the level of end-of-life care provided to the patients. Since then, palatial care has become a recognized practice that is aimed at providing healthcare services to relieve the suffering of the patients as well as their respective families. Motor Neuron Disease Motor Neuron Disease (MND) refers to a neurological disease which progressively affects the brain and spinal cords nerves or neurons. When one is affected by MND, one experiences wasting and weakness since the nerve impulses tend to fail to reach the body muscles. It is for this reason that the condition negatively impacts on how an individual breathes, drinks, eats, talks, and walks. This is what was happening to Isobel because she was observed to be experiencing weaknesses in her arms and legs thus leaving no doubt that her deteriorating health are associated with the MND condition (Zimmermann, et al 2014). According to scientific research, MND condition affects people of all ages hence categorized into Kennedys Disease, Progressive Muscular Atrophy (PMA), Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS), Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Research has established that MND has many causes which may be hereditary or environmentally-triggered. Basically, it arises when the motor neuron cells of the spinal cord and brain dysfunctions. Familial or inherited conditions, which only account for 5% of the infections, are linked to genes that are transmitted from a parent to the offspring. With this in mind, it should be noted that scientists have found out that MND is caused by the abnormalities in the functioning of the glial cells, cell transport disruption, aggregates and RNA processing, and mitochondria as well as gene mutations as in the case of familial conditions (Gidwani, Joyce, Kinosian, Faricy-Anderson, Levy, Miller, Ersek, Wagner Mor 2016). The changes in these body organs and cells contribute to the occurrence of the conditions because it alters the normal functioning in the body. MND has many pathophysiological changes in the body. It alters the functioning of the body Central Nervous System. For instance, it cau ses abnormalities in the functioning of glal cells in the body. Since glial cells are used in the supplying of motor neurons with nutrients, any abnormalities in the cells deprives the motor neurons or nutrients that they require to effectively operate in the body hence resulting into the MND condition. Signs and Symptoms MND, as a condition, has a wide range of signs and symptoms that can be relied upon during its diagnosis. Some of the most common signs and symptoms associated with the MND conditions are muscle spasms; pains; eating difficulties, drinking challenges; bowel problems; discomfort; stiff joints; speech and communication difficulties; coughing; chocking; incontinence; swallowing difficulties; breathing difficulties; and cognitive difficulties in concentration, learning, and memory (Hardy Rogaeva 2014). These changes are brought into the body because of the alterations in the normal functioning of the nervous system. Neurons play a very significant role in coordinating the activities of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Therefore, any abnormality in their functions can be disastrous to the body. It should therefore be noted that MND has a great influence on the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) of a patient. It interferes with daily ADL such as drinking, eating, learning, and communicatio n. These are important activities that are done on day-to-day basis. It is because of her MND condition that Isobel experienced swallowing, eating, drinking, walking difficulties alongside other challenges such as body pains, weaknesses, and incontinence. The disruptions in the normal functioning of the motor neurons can adversely affect Isobels CNS system including her brain and spinal cords which do control nearly all the cognitive and motor activities of the body (Pratt Wood 2015). For instance, Isobel had to complain of pains because of the failure of the pain receptors to effectively discharge their duties by transmitting the messages from pain receptors to the brain. The same alterations should be linked to the eating, swallowing and drinking difficulties experienced by the patient. If the entire CCNS were fully functional, no such anomalies would have arisen. Therefore, it should be incumbent upon the physiotherapist to do something to relieve Isobel of the suffering. Diagnosis MND is a condition that can be managed if proper measures are taken. The first thing to do in the pursuit of medical intervention is a visit to the healthcare facility. It is recommended that an individual should pay a visit to the GP immediately one experiences the initial signs and symptoms of MND such as painless and progressive weakness of the grip. An appointment with a GP is crucial because it can provide a patient with an opportunity to be examined by a GP. This examination is important because it can be relied upon by the GP to make important decisions regarding the patient such as referral to an appropriate neurologist who is specialized in the brain or nervous system (Murray, Kendall, Boyd Sheikh 2012). It is the neurologist who is then vested with the responsibility of carrying out additional tests and giving further opinion on what should be done to the patient. It is therefore recommended for the MND patients like Isobel to cooperate with the GP and the neurologist since the diagnosis of the condition might be quite hard especially during the initial stages (Arnold, et al 2013). Researchers have attributed such difficulties to the fact that such symptoms might not have been caused by MND, but other common health conditions like peripheral neurolopathy in which the nervous system gets damaged by Type 2 Diabetes or a trapped nerve in which nerves get compressed as a result of the wearing and tearing of the bones. Isobel should therefore visit a neurologist to diagnose her by carrying out a physical examination on her and also keenly observe her symptoms. At the same time, the neurologist can carry out a number of tests on the patients. These include blood test, lumbar puncture, musle biopsy, Electromyography (EMG), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan. Whereas blood test can be relied upon to monitor the normal functioning of the body organs such as thyroid, MRI scan can be used for providing a finer picture of the spinal cord and brain of the patient (Smith et al 2012). Meanwhile, EMG is used in the measurement of the motor neurons electrical activities. Last, but not least, muscle biopsy is used in the testing if the challenge is actually located in the nerves or muscles. Before carrying out the diagnosis, the healthcare provider should have adequate information about the patient. for effective service delivery, the healthcare provider should be acquainted with Isobels ethnicity, race, nationality, medical history, age, gender, and religion. Treatment Even if it has been found out that MND has no known cure, it is a treatable condition. After accepting that the patient is suffering from the condition, it is recommended that appropriate treatment options should be applied so as to enable the patient to slow the progression and relieve the symptoms of the condition (Hardy Rogaeva 2014). So, in Isobels case, after getting diagnosed with the condition, she should be introduced into a treatment plan. First, the patient deserves to be introduced to a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to oversee her care. To be included in this team is the specialist nurse, palliative care professionals comprising of the neurologist. From this point, the patient should be given an opportunity to engage in advance decision making because; failure to do might compromise her treatment since her condition might worsen to the extent that she might not be capable of contributing towards her treatment. Advance decision should not be overlooked since it can help in equipping the multidisciplinary care team with timely information on the patients choices regarding the resuscitation procedure; medication options; whether she should be treated at the hospice or at home; and if the patient is interested in donating any of her organs in case she dies (Novarino, Fenstermaker, Zaki, Hofree, Silhavy, Heiberg, Abdellateef, Rosti, Scott, Mansour Masri 2014). These are important decisions that should be made by the patient because they involve her health. However, for efficiency purposes, the patient should be guided by her care team when making such decisions. One of the strategies used in the treatment of MND condition is medication. Among the most recommended drugs to use in treating a MND patient is riluzole. The drug is suitable for the treatment of MND condition because it can help in the reduction of the sensitivity of the motor neuron cells to the glutamate transmitter by slowing down its progressive damaging effects. When used, riluzole can be administered for around 3 months (Cortes, et al 2014). However, its side effects are rapid heartbeat, tiredness, and nausea. Some of the other medications used in the treatment of this condition are MND condition can be treated using a variety of options: gabapentin , quinine, Amitriptyline, baclofen, hyoscine hydrobromide, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). On the other hand, there are other treatment options that can be used in the treatment of this condition. These include physiotherapy (for muscle cramps); percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (for swallowing difficulties); non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) (for breathing difficulties); or other complimentary therapies such as acupuncture. Complimentary therapy should also be considered in the treatment of the patient because it can play a significant role in stress reduction and making the patient much comfortable regardless of the painful experiences undergone. Therefore, when handling the patient, the healthcare team should use the most appropriate treatment strategy suitable for the patient Mller, et al 2014). As an MND patient, Isobel requires to get quality palatial care. To do this, the healthcare providers should adopt a holistic and multidisciplinary approach. An effective collaboration between different specialists is a recommended strategy in palatial care. At the same time, the palatial care providers should closely work with the patients carers to ensure that they are also involved in the care provision (Arbab, Baars Geijsen 2014). This is necessary because palatial care is a psychologically, physically, and emotionally demanding exercise. Hence, adequate support is necessary right from the beginning up to the very end of care provision. However, in order to deliver quality care, the healthcare providers should deliver services that fully satisfy the psychosocial, spiritual, cultural, and physical needs of the patient as well as her family. This is what palatial care is all about. Special attention should be taken to address the needs of Isobel who is an aboriginal. And as an ind igenous patient, Isobel requires to be given a holistic care that is responsive to, respects and recognizes her aboriginal culture. this is the only way through which she can be satisfied with the level of services provided to her. 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